By Journal of Modern Physics
Abstract
“Plasmas” up to a kilometer in size and behaving similarly to multicellular organisms have been filmed on 10 separate NASA space shuttle missions, over 200 miles above Earth within the thermosphere. These self-illuminated “plasmas” are attracted to and may “feed on” electromagnetic radiation. They have different morphologies: 1) cone, 2) cloud, 3) donut, 4) spherical-cylindrical; and have been filmed flying towards and descending from the thermosphere into thunderstorms; congregating by the hundreds and interacting with satellites generating electromagnetic activity; approaching the Space Shuttles. Computerized analysis of flight path trajectories documents these plasmas travel at different velocities from different directions and change their angle of trajectory making 45°, 90°, and 180° shifts and follow each other. They’ve been filmed accelerating, slowing down, stopping, congregating, engaging in “hunter-predatory” behavior and intersecting plasmas leaving a plasma dust trail in their wake. Similar life-like behaviors have been demonstrated by plasmas created experimentally. “Plasmas” may have been photographed in the 1940s by WWII pilots (identified as “Foo fighters”); repeatedly observed and filmed by astronauts and military pilots and classified as Unidentified Aerial—Anomalous Phenomenon. Plasmas are not biological but may represent a form of pre-life that via the incorporation of elements common in space, could result in the synthesis of RNA. Plasmas constitute a fourth state of matter, are attracted to electromagnetic activity, and when observed in the lower atmosphere likely account for many of the UFO-UAP sightings over the centuries.
1. Introduction: UAP & Extraterrestrial Electromagnetic Plasmas
Interstellar space and the upper atmosphere of Earth are permeated by plasmas [1] – [5] . Plasmas are believed to constitute a fourth state of matter [2] [6] [7] and may represent a form of pre-life or inorganic non-biological life [8] – [13] . As detailed in this report (Figures 1-26) pulsating glowing “plasmas” up to a kilometer in size, and behaving similarly to simple multicellular organisms, have been filmed over 200 miles above Earth within the thermosphere, by ten separate space shuttle missions STS-48, STS-75, STS-80, STS-96, STS-101, STS-106, STS-115, STS-119, STS-123 [10] [14] [15] . These plasmas descend into the lower atmosphere of Earth, and when observed may have been classified as an “Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon” [9] (or as some prefer “Anomalous Phenomenon”).
As documented in this report, these plasma-like entities have been photographed congregating in the thermosphere above (Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 26) and diving into massive thunderstorms below (Figures 14-17); gathering around satellites generating electromagnetic pulses into the space medium (Figure 1, Figure 3, Figures 10-13, Figures 18-23); approaching and appearing outside the windows of NASA’s Space Shuttles [10] [14] [15] ; changing velocity and direction, and making sudden 45 degree to 90 degree turns, and following and even colliding and intersecting one another (Figures 9-13, Figures 23-26).
These glowing pulsating plasmas in the thermosphere grow in size, replicate, are attracted to, and make contact and intersect one another often releasing kilometers-in-length plasma-dust trails in their wake (Figure 12, Figure 23 and Figure 24). Yet others engage in what appears to be hunter-predatory behavior; tracking, then accelerating and piercing other plasmas that may be several dozen kilometers distant, even striking and intersecting up to ten or more at varying distances from one another (Figure 9, Figures 11-13, Figures 23-26). They display all the characteristics of life-like plasmas as defined by Alfvén [12] [13] , Teordorani [16] , Lozneanu and Sanduloviciu [17] and Tsytovich, et al. [11] [18] .
Although plasmas in the thermosphere engage in behavior, in all respects, plasmas are not biological entities, and their actions are mediated by electromagnetic and other non-biological factors including the incorporation of radiated dust. Plasmas may have high or low density, high or low temperatures, may be stable or unstable, and consist of positively and negatively charged particles, ionized atoms of gas; and whose basic interactions are electromagnetic [1] [2] [3] [5] [6] [12] [13] .
In the upper atmosphere, plasmas are believed to react and possibly form in response to intermittent turbulence, geomagnetic storms, coronal mass ejections, solar flares, eclipses, the waxing and waning of sunlight, atmospheric waves, radiation from radio transmitters and heating facilities, and the incorporation of dust; all which affect the shape, velocity, and behavior of plasmas [3] [5] [7] [19] .
As detailed by Teodorani [16] Ivan et al. [20] Lozneanu, Sanduloviciu [17] Tsytovich, et al. [18] , plasmas can form complex life-like shapes as well as a nucleus that may acquire DNA-like capabilities. For example, space is permeated by dust; and when a plasma incorporates dust grains, the plasma acquires an electric charge that sucks in electrons which attract positively charged ions giving rise to “plasma crystals” which also contain organic matter including fragments of carbonaceous chondrites.
Electrostatic forces and the polarization of the plasma cause these plasma dust crystals to twist, spin, and form helical structures that can evolve into a double helix similar to the double helix of DNA. Teodorani [16] argues that these helixes can then be replicated in other crystals and that the self-organizing ability of these crystals can affect other plasmas which may also form a plasma dust-crystal helix. Although theoretical, this exchange of electrical charges could be likened to horizontal gene transfer. However, there is no evidence plasmas contain DNA, nucleotides, or amino acids.
These extraterrestrial “plasmas” filmed in the thermosphere may represent a non-biological form of pre-life before the acquisition of RNA and then DNA [21] . Further, when they descend into the lower atmosphere they would likely be classified as UFOs and UAP when observed (Figures 14-17, Figure 27).
2. Plasmas, Space Shuttles, Astronauts, Fighter Pilots, UFOs, UAPs
These plasmas may have been first photographed in the 1940s (identified as “foo fighters”) by U.S., Japanese, and German pilots (Figure 27); and observed by astronauts beginning in the 1960s; and may have been recently filmed by military pilots and classified as “Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon” [9] [16] [21] [22] [23] [24] . Given the attraction to electromagnetic and other powerful sources of energy and their responsiveness to radio signals and sources of heat [5] , it is likely these plasmas may account for at least some of the anecdotal UAP sightings (as recorded by U.S. Dept. of Defense “unidentified anomalous reporting system”) over nuclear power plants, the areas above and surrounding Hiroshima and Nagasaki—destroyed by atomic bombs in 1945—and Fukushima Prefecture—site of a major nuclear power plant accident in 2011—and for numerous reports of UAPs approaching and following airplanes [14] [15] [16] .
These plasmas have been filmed swarming toward and congregating by the hundreds around satellites generating electromagnetic activity into the thermosphere (Figure 1, Figure 3, Figures 10-13, Figures 18-23); and observed approaching and appearing outside the windows of NASA space shuttles [10] [14] [15] . For example, STS 75, while filming these plasmas recorded a garbled conversation with NASA’s mission control and reported that plasma was approaching the shuttle. NASA dismissed the sightings as “just reflections”. The STS 75 Commander disagreed: “I’m looking out in front of the orbiter. No, there are three objects. The one down at the bottom is the one we initially saw… It started over window eight then quickly moved toward the upper windows. We tracked it through windows one, two, three, four—and now its outside window five—it’s moving away.” And then Mission Control changed the subject [10] [14] [15] .
STS 115 reported and filmed a similar encounter, the Commander describing them as translucent, flexible, not a solid object, metallic but not made of metal, and giving off light and glowing. Before NASA’s mission control changes the subject, the STS 115 Commander states: “The best way I can describe it as some kind of reflective cloth—some type of metallic looking type of cloth—a structure which is definitely not rigid—it’s not a solid metal structure” [10] [14] [15] .
“Not a solid metal structure” rules out wreckage and space junk as does their ability to change shape and direction, speed up and slow down, and produce a glowing illumination within which a nucleus (void) can often be discerned—as illustrated by freeze-frame photographs (Figures 5-8, Figure 14, Figure 15, Figure 22) from STS film footage provided to the first author by NASA following a “Freedom of Information Request”. Fact is: these UAP were observed by U.S. astronauts hurtled into space in the 1960s—(e.g. “oval shaped like a series of ellipses”)—prior to the littering of space with any spacecraft or satellite wreckage; observations which rule out “space junk”.
On May 15, 1963, while riding a Mercury capsule on his final orbit of a 22-orbit journey around the world, astronaut Gordon Cooper reported a “glowing, greenish object” that was “rapidly approaching”. On June 4, 1965, astronauts Ed White and James McDivitt spotted a huge “metallic object” approaching the Gemini orbiter.
In December of 1965, Gemini astronaut James Lovell reported a “Bogey at 10 o’clock high.” Capcom: “This is Houston. Say again 7.” Lovell: “We have a bogey at 10 o’clock high.” Capcom: “Gemini 7, is that the booster, or is that an actual sighting?” Lovell: “We have several, actual sightings. We also have the booster in sight.”
The flight crew of Apollo 11—as reported by Buzz Aldrin in a 1982 interview—saw outside the spacecraft “something out there that was close enough to be observed by the three of us; and, what could it be? Mike got out the telescope…it was oval-shaped like a series of ellipses; but when you sharpened the focus, it had an L-shape. That didn’t tell us very much. Obviously, the three of us were not going to blurt out: hey Houston, we got something moving alongside us, and we don’t know what it is. We couldn’t do that because we knew the transmissions would be heard all over the world… It was very big, and coming closer, so we cautiously asked Houston about the final stage of the rocket, the S-IVB which had been jettisoned two days earlier.” Apollo 11: “Do you have any idea where the S-IVB is with respect to us? Mission Control: “Apollo 11, Houston. The S-IVB is about 6000 nautical miles from you now, over.”
3. British Defense Ministry: UFOs/UAPs = Buoyant Electrically Charged Magnetic Phenomenon
The British Ministry of Defense [24] conducted a multidisciplinary analysis of UFO-UAP phenomenon based on information collected over 30 years and concludes: “Credited with the ability to…accelerate to exceptional velocities and vanish, they can reportedly alter their direction of flight suddenly and clearly can exhibit aerodynamic characteristics well beyond those of any known aircraft or missile—either manned or unmanned…”
“…they are comprised of several types of rarely encountered natural events within the atmosphere and ionosphere…the events are almost certainly attributable to physical, electrical and magnetic phenomena in the atmosphere, mesosphere and ionosphere. The fact that the objects reportedly have the manoeuvre and acceleration attributes of an inertia-less vehicle reinforces the hypothesis that they are buoyant charged bodies.” e.g., electromagnetic plasmas.
4. Plasmas Have Life-Like Cellular Properties: Pre-Life, Plasma-DNA, Fourth Domain of Life?
Nobel Laureate Hannes Alfvén [12] [13] , argued that electromagnetic plasmas permeate space throughout the universe and this solar system, and are formed by and can generate and are attracted to electromagnetic fields. These plasmas have life-like properties including cellular structure and cellular walls consisting of electric currents.
According to Alfvén [13] : “In order to understand the phenomena in a certain plasma region, it is necessary to map not only the magnetic but also the electric field and the electric currents. Space is filled with a network of currents which transfer energy and momentum over large or very large distances. The currents often pinch to filamentary or surface currents. The latter are likely to give space, as also interstellar and intergalactic space, a cellular structure.”
Alfvén [12] [13] also proposed that the inner and outer layers of a plasma differ in positive vs negative charges. Radiation is generated between these boundaries and this forms the plasma. However, these layers also consist of plasma, what Alfvén referred to as “ambiplasma”. He states that ambiplasmas may live for long periods of time and that the double layers act to repel plasma clouds of the opposite type, but combine clouds of the same type, such that plasmas may repel or be attracted to one another and exchange energy—exactly as documented in this report and described (somewhat whimsically) as “hunter predator behavior” (Figure 9, Figures 11-13, Figures 23-26).
As documented here, “plasmas” in the thermosphere engage in all the behaviors of experimentally created plasmas as reported by Alfvén [12] [13] and others [11] [12] [16] – [20] ; including glowing, pulsating, shape-shifting, colliding, and possessing a nucleus or “void” (Figures 5-8, Figures 14-16, Figure 22).
It is well documented experimentally that plasmas are self-organizing, engage in complex behaviors similar to simple multicellular organisms, take the shape of spheres, ovoids, helixes, and often have a central nucleus (or void) protected by electrical double layers consisting of an inner layer of negatively charged electrons and outer-layer of positively charged ions [12] [13] [16] [17] [18] [20] .
As documented in the attached Figures, the glowing plasmas reported here and photographed in space also have a variety of shapes; and some specimens pulsate (perhaps as a means of propulsion) and have one or more nucleus voids [14] [15] . Moreover, like those observed in the thermosphere [10] [14] [15] , plasmas generated experimentally can grow in size, replicate, are often attracted to one another, and appear to exchange dust-laden electromagnetic energy [9] [17] [18] .
Tsytovich, et al. [11] [18] argue that because of electromagnetic activity and massive quantities of dust, interplanetary and extra-galactic space provides an ideal environment for the generation and nourishment of life-like plasmas. Interplanetary space is permeated by dust, and over 5200 tons (4700 metric tons) of space dust falls to Earth each year [15] . Plasmas—especially under conditions of micro-gravity [11] —interact with and incorporate dust which becomes charged with electromagnetic energy thereby inducing mutual attraction [18] [25] [26] [27] [28] . The interactions with dust lead to dust-plasma-self-organization which in turn is fed by external sources of electromagnetic radiation.
Hence, these plasma-like entities may be laden with dust—including from carbonaceous chondrites—which are topologically and dynamically controlled by plasma fluxes and plasma charges between the grains and plasma layers. The plasma and the charged dust particles suspended in the plasma, interact as a coordinated whole and behave as a plasma [11] [26] [27] [28] .
If plasma crystals also form—and contain nucleotides and amino acids found in space and carbonaceous chondrites (at least 92 amino acids so far discovered)—it is possible they may have the potential to behave like RNA or (less likely) DNA [16] [18] . This leads to the possibility that some plasmas could produce an internal “RNA-world” and achieve a form of “pre-life” if permeated by plasma-crystal-dust that incorporates a sufficient number of amino acids, nucleotides, and other elements commonly found in space and carbonaceous chondrites: fragments of which break off and shatter upon striking the upper atmosphere.
As summed by Tsytovich, et al. [18] “these interacting complex structures exhibit thermodynamic and evolutionary features thought to be peculiar only to living matter” and “exhibit all the necessary properties to qualify them as candidates for inorganic living matter that may exist in space.” Lozneanu and Sanduloviciu [17] have proposed that these plasma-like cellular entities constitute an extraterrestrial form of life completely “different from life as we know it.”
5. Life-Like Plasmas in the Thermosphere
In support of the data and theories proposed by Alfvén [12] [13] , Tsytovich, et al. [11] [18] , Lozneanu and Sanduloviciu [17] and Teodorani [16] , plasma-like entities (plasmas) engaging in simple life-like behavior have been filmed and observed via the naked eye, and filmed during 10 different Space Shuttle Missions including approaching and appearing outside spacecraft windows, and swarming toward satellite tethers generating electricity into the space medium [10] [14] [15] .
For example, and as documented by freeze frame footage presented in this report: during mission STS-75, over a period of dozens of hours, plasmas approached and congregated by the hundreds around a satellite-tether 12-miles in length generating electro-magnetic force fields and electricity and electron beams into the thermosphere (Figure 1, Figure 3, Figures 10-13, Figures 18-23). Observational data captured on film by missions STS-75, STS-80, STS-96, and STS-106, documents these plasmas also congregate above and descend into thunderstorms [10] [14] [15] which can produce anywhere from 130 million volts to 1.3 billion volts; with a single lightning bolt producing up to 1,000,000,000 joules of energy.
As documented by film footage (see [14] [15] ) and freeze-frame photos reproduced in this report and processed via Fotor image enhancement software: these shape-shifting glowing plasmas have at least four morphologies: 1) spiral-cylindrical, 2) cloud, 3) “donut” (nucleated), 4) and bulbous-cone. Based on their proximity to a tethered satellite (STS-75), some specimens may be up to several kilometers in length or diameter. All plasmas appear to be self-illuminated and give off a surrounding glow (best depicted in Figures 5-8, Figure 14, Figure 17) which is typical of plasmas as they shed electrons.
Astronauts have observed these plasma-like structures engaging in complex behaviors, including approaching the space shuttles and experimental satellites generating electromagnetic activity; and have described them as “definitely not rigid” and “not a solid metal structure” [10] [14] [15] and “oval shaped like a series of ellipses.” And yet, they have metallic coloration according to eyewitness reports by astronauts; possibly silver, which might also account for any reflective properties.
Figure 1. From STS footage: electrified satellite tether (12 miles in length) approached by plasmas.
Figure 2. Freeze frame STS footage (see Figure 1): Plasma-like entities up to 1 km in size. Freeze frames processed via “Fotor” image enhancement software.
Figure 3. Plasma-like entities up to 1 km n size moving about and surrounding the electrified tether 200 miles above Earth in the thermosphere. Filmed by STS-75.
Figure 4. Hundreds of cone- and cloud-shaped glowing plasmas (with an internal nucleus, Figure 5 and Figure 6) filmed by STS-80, 200 miles above an electric-thunderstorm.
Figure 5. Hundreds of cone- and cloud-shaped glowing plasmas with an internal nucleus filmed congregating 200 miles above an electric-thunderstorm by STS-80. Processed via Fotor software.
Figure 6. Two glowing pulsating plasma with an internal nucleus, up to 1 km in size, filmed 200 miles above an electric-thunderstorm by STS-80 (from Figure 4). Processed via Fotor filter software.
Figure 7. Cone-donut-nucleated and spiral glowing plasmas filmed by shuttle mission STS-75. These plasmas change shape and have a variety of dimensions and are up to 1 km in size. (see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yb67zM1Sh-Q/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DARcIIc4pCw).
Figures 8. Donut-shaped glowing pulsating plasmas with nucleus, moving in an anterior direction, filmed by shuttle mission STS 119. (see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yb67zM1Sh-Q/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DARcIIc4pCw).
6. All Other Explanations Ruled Out: Not Wreckage, Not Debris, Not Ice
It is highly improbable that these entities are kilometer-in-diameter blocks of ice or “space junk”. Not only do they lack solidity or rigidity, but they pulsate with light, slow down, stop, hover in place, turn and follow one another, and may target and make contact with each other, sometimes leaving a trail of particles several kilometers in length in their wake. Moreover, they were viewed by astronauts in the 1960s—before space was littered with wreckage and none of which were described as resembling “ice”.
It is completely improbable that these structures, including what appears to be a nucleus, are illusions created by sunlight and the telescopic lenses employed by the shuttle crews. Although a flashlight can illuminate while simultaneously creating a darkened area upon any object of focus, no flashlights were employed in obtaining these images. Hundreds of these specimens were filmed in the camera’s field of view—and not just one structure but hundreds of specimens were viewed with the naked eye including flying alongside and appearing outside the windows of several space shuttles. Like plasmas generated in a laboratory, the plasmas of the thermosphere engage in life-like behavior…
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