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The Anarchy: A Whirlwind of Chaos and Warfare in Medieval England

By Awake Goy

 

Anarchy. The word itself is enough to paint a stark picture of lawlessness and disorder, a picture of a world in which no rules exist – for anyone. Such a world is bound to collapse under its own weight, like a building without supports, it caves in on itself. But what happens when anarchy actually happens on a greater scale? For example, when a powerful medieval nation is swept up by widespread lawlessness that cannot be stopped. Today, we revisit one of the more interesting pages of English history, as we go back to the 1130’s AD, to the period known simply as The Anarchy. The Anarchy epoch emerged from a “classic” succession civil war, a conflict that left the nation without a ruler and thus left it to immerse itself in true chaos without law and order. This ain’t no “ Anarchy in the UK” as you might know it, The Anarchy was war, death, and chaos all around.

From Conquest to Chaos: The Beginnings of The Anarchy

William the Bastard is certainly a name that will ever be remembered in the pages of world’s history, especially for the people of England. This legendary descendant of the Viking Rollo became one of the most prominent and powerful Norman dukes in the early 1000’s AD. As the Norman dukes in France vied for power and influence, across the channel, the Anglo-Saxons presented an attractive and rich target, for those who could snatch it. Exploiting a succession crisis after the death of the English King Edward the Confessor , William the Bastard mounted a large invasion with the aim of fully conquering England. In this endeavor he was successful: after a couple crucial and historic battles, William the Bastard earned a different epithet, William the Conqueror . After his successful conquest of England came a new chapter in its history, one where the rulers on its throne were descendants of William.

The Anarchy begins with William the Conqueror. (National Portrait Gallery / Public domain)

The Anarchy begins with William the Conqueror. (National Portrait Gallery / Public domain )

The story of The Anarchy is a grim period in English history that began not too long after William and his descendants came to the throne. The origins of this chaotic civil war are connected directly with the fourth son of William the Conqueror: King Henry I . Henry only left one legitimate son as his heir: William Adelin. King Henry I also had a daughter, Matilda, who he attempted to place as his successor, without success. Either way, his son was his successor, and the English throne was secure but then disaster struck.

William Adelin was on his way from France to England in his large ship when it sank. Adelin allowed the crew to drink wine and this was a crucial error. The ship struck a rock during the night and quickly sank. William Adelin, the heir to the English throne, alongside many nobles, drowned in the icy waters of the English Channel. Out of a crew of 300, only a butcher survived. With Adelin’s death, the succession in the English court came into great danger.

Everything pointed to a chaotic succession that had plagued the English throne for generations past. For at least six decades before Adelin’s death there were no clear successions in England, only a series of conflicts and complications. The problem now was the lack of a male heir. Henry’s daughter, Matilda, had no claim to the throne in the eyes of the Norman nobles: the right of male primogeniture was still widespread in the medieval courts of Europe, and female inheritance was basically non-existent.

King Henri I of England (left side) and his spouse and children, with Matilda, center of the beginning of The Anarchy on the right.  ( Public domain )

The next important aspect of this story lies in the marriages of Matilda. Her first husband was the Holy Roman Emperor, Henry V . From this marriage Matilda took the title of Empress. Alas, Emperor Henry V died in 1025, and just three years afterwards, Matilda married once more. Her second marriage was to a powerful count from France, Geoffrey V the Handsome, Count of Anjou, Touraine and Maine, known also as Geoffrey Plantagenet. This marriage from the get-go was unpopular amongst the mostly Norman English throne. Geoffrey V was an Angevin, hailing from Anjou, and therefore the traditional enemy of the Normans.

Geoffrey V the Handsome, Count of Anjou, Touraine and Maine, known also as Geoffrey Plantagenet, was Matilda’s second husband. (Louis Boudan / Public domain )

An Empty Throne Means A Fight for Supremacy And Control

Meanwhile in England, the aging and heirless King Henry I was struggling to gain support for his daughter amongst his own courtiers. Geoffrey and Matilda made a powerful couple. The count obviously wanted Normandy for himself and had high hopes his wife would secure the English throne. The two of them sought greater recognition in England, believing King Henry incapable of this task. Geoffrey and Matilda believed they lacked any genuine support across the channel. This caused strained relations between King Henry, Geoffrey, and Matilda.

In 1135, Henry I unexpectedly fell ill and died in France, leaving the throne of England ripe for the taking. But by whom? Akin to the finest pages in “A Game of Thrones,” the nation was plunged into a struggle for power and a rabid race for the lucrative English throne. But it was not Matilda who gained that seat. First to the spot was the nephew of the late king, the powerful Count Stephen of Blois. He seized the throne and was proclaimed King of England. He was supported by his brother, Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester, the second richest man in England.

Right from the start, King Stephen was faced with numerous challenges across England, all of which put his new rule to the test. To the north, he faced an invasion.  David I, King of Scotland ( DauĂ­d mac MaĂ­l Choluim), the maternal uncle of Matilda, decided to invade England upon hearing of Henry’s death. He quickly managed to capture several key strongholds across the north of England, including Carlisle in Cumbria, Newcastle, and some others…

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